Which of the following are major routes of antidepressants' production of active metabolites?

The correct choice highlights the processes involved in the metabolism of antidepressants through two significant biotransformation pathways: demethylation and hydroxylation.

Demethylation refers to the removal of a methyl group from a molecule, which is a common metabolic pathway for many antidepressants. This reaction can transform the drug into more active or sometimes less active metabolites, potentially modifying its pharmacological effects.

Hydroxylation involves the introduction of a hydroxyl group (-OH) into the chemical structure of the drug. This transformation can also enhance the drug's solubility, making it easier for the body to eliminate it, and may also contribute to the creation of active metabolites that have their own therapeutic effects.

These pathways are significant as they not only affect the drug’s efficacy but also influence its safety profile and overall pharmacokinetics. Understanding these routes emphasizes the complexity of how antidepressants function within the body and their varied impacts on mental health treatment.